Citations are required and expected in many settings, especially in academic work. There are many ways that citations benefit students, scholars, and professionals:
Avoid plagiarism: Citations give credit to ideas you've gotten from someone else
Demonstrate credibility: Citations show that you've done your research
Leave a path: Citations help you find information you've used to support your argument - and allow readers to assess that information, too
Join professional conversations: Citations link your work to the work of others
Using a consistent format makes it easier to provide accurate and enough information. This page provides resources and tips for citing business information.
This section provides links to style guides for APA 7 and the Chicago Manual of Style, as well as related research guides from Roesch Library and reliable resources from outside universities and organizations.
APA7 is the citation style most commonly used in business research and recommended by business librarians today - but please check with your instructor for style requirements in your assignments. APA7 formats and examples for common cases and data from UD's provided databases are provided below.
Annual Report | Book or Book Chapter | Data Sets |
IBISWorld Report | Journal Article | |
Mergent Online | Mintel | News & Periodicals |
SEC Filing | S&P NetAdvantage | Statista |
Social Explorer | Stock Quotes | SWOT Analysis |
Example: Snap Inc. (2022). 2022 Annual Report. Retrieved from https://investor.snap.com/financials/Annual-Report/default.aspx
Example: Chatelain, M. (2021). Franchise: The Golden Arches in Black America. Liveright Publishing Corporation.
Example: Rieder, B. & Rohle, T. (2012). Digital Methods: Five Challenges. In Berry, D.M. (Ed.), Understanding Digital Humanities (pp. 67-84). Palgrave MacMillan.
Data Planet Example: Bureau of Economic Analysis. (July 2, 2023). Percent Change from Preceding Period in Real Gross Domestic Product from the NIPA: Domestic Product and Income Database. [Data set]. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration; Data Planet Statistical Datasets. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.6068/DP18954C48C493
Census Data Example: U.S. Census Bureau. (2017). Selected Sectors: Summary Statistics for Exported Services for the U.S. (Table EC1700EXPSVC). [Data set.]. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://data.census.gov/table?t=Exported+Sales/Services&tid=ECNEXPSVC2017.EC1700EXPSVC
Example: United Nations Development Programme. (2022). Table 2: Trends in the Human Development Index, 1990-2021. [Table]. Human Development Index. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/documentation-and-downloads
Example - Report with Author: Maldonado, C. (2023, January). Medical Instrument & Supply Manufacturing in the US (33911A). [US Industry (NAICS) Report]. https://www.ibisworld.com
Example - No Author: IBISWorld. (2022, August). Specialty Food Stores in Ohio (OH44529). [US Industry State Report]. https://www.ibisworld.com
Example: Mergent. (n.d). Bausch + Lomb Corporation. [Company profile]. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://www.mergentonline.com/
Example: FTSE Russell. (2019, October). Travel and Leisure North America. [Industry profile]. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://www.mergentonline.com/
Example: Bryant, C. (2023). Disposable Baby Products - US. Mintel. https://reports.mintel.com/display/1155693/
Example: Mintel. (n.d.). First Time Parents. [Chart]. Disposable Baby Products - US. https://data.mintel.com/databook/1155693/#S4
Example: Mintel. (n.d.). US - Cheese: Market segmentation by volume. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://marketsizes.mintel.com/
Example: Slade, P., Michler, J.D, & Josephson, A. (2019). Foreign Geographical Indications, Consumer Preferences, and the Domestic Market for Cheese. Applied Economic Perspectives & Policy, 41(3), 370-390. https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppz010
Example: Bernstein, D. (2023, July 11). How Top CEOs Are Navigating the U.S. - China Divide. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/drewbernstein/2023/07/11/how-top-ceos-are-navigating-the-us-china-divide
Magazine Example: Schick, K. (2011, November 4). Citation obsession? Get over it!. Chronicle Of Higher Education, 58(11), A96.
Newspaper Example: Aulakh, R. (2012, June 13). From surviving to thriving. Toronto Star, GT1, GT4.
Example: McDonald's Corporation. (2023, May 4). Form 10-Q. Retrieved from https://corporate.mcdonalds.com/
Example - S&P Report: Sakraida, J. (2023, July 8). Waste Connections, Inc. [Report] . Retrieved from S&P NetAdvantage database.
Example - SEC Filing: The Kraft Heinz Company. (2023, February 16). Form 10-K. Retrieved from S&P NetAdvantage database.
Example: S&P NetAdvantage. (n.d.). Tupperware Brands Corporation Public Company Profile. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from S&P NetAdvantage database.
Example (Statista Report): Statista. (2023). Food retail in the United States. [Industry Dossier]. Retrieved from Statista. https://www.statista.com/study/10830/food-retail-in-the-united-states-statista-dossier/
Example (Non-Statista Source): Chuck E. Cheese's. (2020). Total assets of Chuck E. Cheese's worldwide from 2007 to 2019. [Chart]. Retrieved from Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/222063/chuck-e-cheeses-total-assets/
Example: TableA01001B. Age - Cumulative (More) (ACS 2019, 1-year estimate). In SocialExplorer.com. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from https://www.socialexplorer.com/tables/ACS2019/R12660859
Example: Population Density (Per Sq. Mile) [Map]. In SocialExplorer.com. ACS 2016 (5-Year Estimates) Retrieved July 25, 2018, from https://www.socialexplorer.com/8e62e93dee/view
Example: NasdaqGS. (2023, May 15). Starbucks Corporation [Stock quote and chart]. Retrieved July 14, 2023 from finance.yahoo.com
Example: MarketLine. (2023, June 12). Yum! Brands SWOT Analysis. Business Source Complete. https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/business-source-complete